Method of manufacturing tires.



'20 .seinbled on,a core and then vulcanized. there-. by 'for'minga solid, unified structure.

To in whom it mag concern:

- ED STATES PATENT o Fio.

nnwIiv E. A. e. MEYER 1p i mense SEIBERLING, or DETROIT. MICHIGAN, ASSIGNORS TO moneag a WRIGHT, A CORPORATION'OF MICHIGAN.

METHOD OF MANUFACTURING TIRES,

S peeifleationef Letters Patent 7 P t t M y 15, 9

No Drawing. Continuation of application Serial No. 868,031, filed October 22, 1914. This applieation filed January'22, 1916;

Be'it known that we, :Emvm E. A, G. MEYER and Gnoiien \V. Snmnmime, both citizens of the United States, and residents of\.. Detroit, county of \Vayne, and State of llliehigan, have invented .certain new and useful Improvements in Methods of Manii-' afull, clear, andexactdescription.

This invention relates to the manufacture- 'facturing Tires, of which the following is of pneumatic tires and has for its primary object to provide a method for making tires of superior wearing properties withoutfincreasing their cost of manufacture. 5

This application is a continuation of our former application, filed October 22, 1914, Serial No. 868,031, I

A pneumatic tire, or more. strictly, a tire casing, is usually composed ofnunierous parts'mostly fiber and rubber, carefully as- A' very common method. and one concerning the present invention, is not only to support the tire upon its coreduring the vulcanizing treatment. but also to contine'it in a heavy metal mold where it is subjected to the compacting action -of the rigid mold sections vplaced'under an hydraulic pressure in some instances of three hundred pounds per square inch, or thereahout. l

While fiber and rubber are generally employed as the strength-giving and wear-resisting. materials, in the manufacture of tires, 35'

there a re, nevertheless, many ways of using), these materials to form ditlerently constructed tires and this invention has fieneral application to these variously constructed tires. For-instance, the fiber component of the tire may be formed into threads or cords and as such may be directly built into the tire. to give it its usual approximately U: shaped cross-sectional configuration. or these elements may be woven,braidethor otherwise combined into a fabric, simultaneously with their being, suitably formed to assume the dcsired cross-sectional configuration of the which may be suitably woundto produce. the required lJ-shape cross section, or they may be woven braided, etc., so that they will assume-a sheet which may be shaped to i give the; desired cross-section. That is tosay,

the'fiberfcomp'on'ent'may bebuilt into the Serial No. 73,540.

tire in any preferred or well known manner, and our process 15 found advantageous to ob viate the evils existing in tliilsiial method tlie application of the method to other'types will at once'be apparent. The type of tire to be-referred to is thecommon type which'con- 'tains several superimposed plies of fabric having intervening layers of rubber, 'hlle t res of this type contain var ous other parts and ditl'er more or less in. particular in stances, they however, are characterized by having the above mentioned superimposed 'plies offabric andintervening layers of rubber. and it is in connection with this feature of the tiretha-t the advantages of the present invention are most pronounced.

The tire is built up of its various plies of fabric andrubber upon a ring core so that y when completed it forms a unitary structure.-

It is then contmed in the. mold and 'subjectcd-to the compacting action of its rigid walls under an hydraulic pressureof about three hundred pounds per square inch, during which period it is vulcanized. Thus the tire as usually manufactured passes throughthree important stages. namely. that of as- 1 sembling the various parts upon a ring core -thcreby forming a unitary structure; that of subjecting the unified tire to the action of rigid .inold walls under a very great pressure thereby compacting thestructure; and

lastly, that of performing: the vulcanization.

while under this pressure thereby solidifying the structure. The 'tii'e as finally completed is thus composed of a very solid, compact,

unitary \vall. v

'lhereare. however, objectionable results following the action of the rigid mold sec-. tions upon the tire in the methods commonly pursued, which it is the object of this invention to overcome. The fiber component of the tire be'ing inc'ase'd between the rigid iron core and mold, is subjected to the very injurious crushing action of the excessive pres sure applied to the mold sections. The in- I f pirious eliects of this crushing, pressure are especially noticeable in the usual type of tire, wherein the' layers of fabric are cut from heavy duck ot' comparatively close weave.

'This necessitates a correspondingly abrupt high crimp in thethrea lscomposing the weave, thereby presenting a structure that is easily injured .by the compacting pressure applied to the mold sections.

Furthermore, the tire is maintained under the influence of the mold pressure during the entire VHlCiLI'llZlIlg period, and no provision is made for correcting any defective assembling of the various parts thatmay have occurred in the building of the tire upon the ring core.

. The present invention is intended to prevent the crushing effect of the mold upon the fiber of the tire and to provide means whereby a readjustment of the component parts of the tire is made possible after the tire has subjected to the action of the mold sections i condition does not exist.

they can have no detriinentaleffect.

The fabric usually employed in constructing tires of the common type comprises stripsof'duck cut on the bias of a width. sufficient to span the core and reach to the beads .or edge portions. The ends of the cords composing the weave of the bias-cut fabric lie in lines oblique to the plane ofthe core and are firmly secured in the bead or end portions of the tire. In an ideal tire the cords would span the tire through the shortest distance between their ends. There would then beno slack in the cords and of course no chance for them to stretch or straighten out when the tire was inflated and the load-put upon it. I

As a matter-of fact, however, theabove The diameter of the core gradually decreases from the crown toward the beads and to" apply a straight strip of fabric over such a shaped surfacenecessitate's appropriate stretching and fulling'of the fabric, so that it will accommodate itself to the Varying circumferencescomposing the surface of the core.

In a 34x4: inch tire the maximum difference of the circumferences is approximately 22% inches. It will thus be seen-that to apply a flat sheet of fabric smoothly upon a ring core of this size necessitates stretching and fulling of the plies to provide for thismaximum difference in the circumferences. This results in adecided distortionof thefweave so that the ideal conditions are far from be-, ing realized. The plies of fabric are usually applied by giving them a maximum amount of longitudinal stretch at the crown of the tire, which may be about fifteen per- 2 cent, and then gradually decreasing the.

stretch toward the bead portions until a point is reached Where there is nostretch.

toward the beads.

pronounced at the crown of the tire where the stretch is the greatestemd gradually decreases downwardly until the pointof no stretch is reached and the square-mesh is maintained. in or. transverse stretching of the fabric causes the squares-to elongate in a transverse directionwhich graduallyincreases assume. a. tortuous or zig-zag'path', andin stead of assuming the shortest distance from end to end,'they zig-zag back and forth, thus requiring an excess of cord which acts in the nature of slack andnaturally weakens the tire.

The tension produced in the cords when the tire is inflated, tends to straighten them From this'pointon the fulling This distortion ,of the weave causes the threads of the fabric to out, thereby causing a relative movement between the cords.

tear them away from the rubber, thereby separating the plies from one another; The

A The vulcanized rubber is I ntended to bind the cords permanently together and this'relative movement tends to relative movement of the cords furthermore I produces a chafing act on with a corresponding wearing away of the fibers. This is gradual at first, but the fiber and rubberwhich is Worn away assume the form of a powder which is entrapped in the wall of I the tire and produce a grinding action on the adJacent material wh ch increases the' tirely. Moreover, the cords do not straighten uniformly so that the load supported bythe tire is not distributed uniformly and the cords that are supporting the greater part of the load will haturally give way. first.

The foregoing are some of the evils which seem to necessarily exist in tires composed of plies of fabric having obliquely disposed threads -or cords. These conditions exist even in the tire, Where the utmost care is taken regarding the laying on of the fabric.

destructive action unt l the tire gives way'enis to say, it has been "found impossiblelto shape the faloric to theeore without misplacing .or unequally tensioning. or distort ing the threads or cords toa greater or. less extent. It willieadily be appreciated'that any unequal stretching or fulling of the plies produces a corresponding displacement of the cords from the positions of. greatest efiiciency and when the component parts of the tire are finally and permanently fixed in these relatively misplaced positions by produce unequal internal stressesin thejtire 1 is directed toward the vulcanizing process, f these inequalities so that the load will not be supported by the fabric uniformly throughout the tire. The parts'supporting the greater load natu rally wear out first, and the life. of; the tire is thereby correspondingly shortened.

Our invention is directed to improving these conditions, that is to say,

upon the core, and after, this uniformity has been obtained our invention further'con templates permanently maintaining this uniforinity, so that it will not be impaired by the subsequent pressure of the rigid molds to which thetireissubjected during the final I vulcanization, and whereby the fiber compos be detrimentally afing the fabric will not w fected by the crushing tendency of this pressure.

In'the carrying out of. our process the type of tire above referred tois built of the r plies of fabric and rubber compound upona ring core in any usual or preferred man'- 4 ner,except that there, is not the same necesits core it is subjected to the action of a,

sity for using the high degree of skill as heretofore, so that a cheaper class of labor may. be employed. The fabric being rather stiff or res lient fiers some re istance to being shaped to the-ring core free. to do so" would naturally 5 ring back,

or recoil partially or wholly tOetS normal flat condition when released. The, rubber gum between the plies of fabri however,

-'b cing cold or at atmospheric temperature has ample tenacity to hold the plies exactly where they are put by the workman who builds the tire, so that whatever misplace'- mcnt there may be'inthe fabric which is produced by unequal stretching orful-ling while assembling the parts is maintained by the adhesion betweenthe fabric and rubber.

After the tire has been finally built upon heatingmedium and the temperature of the rubber raised to the vulcanizing point.

.This reduces the rubber to a semi-liquidjor our. invention 1 p p producing-a uniformity of conditions after the plies have been laid j zipd were it fabric being thus'i'eleased by the; rubber is free to readjust itself so that whatever unequal strains and resultant misplacement of the fabric may have been produced during the building of the the will disappear and iinitorm'conditions be produced in the 111- dividual threadsand also within and be tween the several plies composing the tire.

After the plies of fabric have had. siifiicient time for their necessary readjustment and equalization of tension vulcanization begins. This step is-continued until the tire is suiliciently vulcanized to maintain the" parts in their readjusted, equalized condition with sufficient strength to withstandthe inurious effects of thecoinpacting pressure heatingmedium We have produced very satisfactory results by steam.

This partial-vulcanizingv step is carried 7 out while the tire is unconfined by rig d Walls and the heat produced is therefore likely to cause the rubber stock to blow and the plies to separate. To prevent this and -atthe same time to permit a ready readof the mold sections when finally applied. \Vhile this partial curing step is not convfined'to the employment of any particular the employment of justnientof thefabric parts of the tire the partial-vulcanization is preferably carried out while the tire is subjected to a fluid pres- Satisfactory "results have been obtained in this regard partial-vulcanizing" the ti'i'e in a closed vulcanizer under a steam pressure of. approximately thirtydive pounds for a period of twenty to twenty-five minutes depending upon the size of the tire.

This step is found especially advantageous,-

in the case of large tires where the tendency] to blow is more manifest. r I

After the tire has" been liz'irtially-vulcanizeditis placed in .the mold and sub-' jectcd to. final vulcanization, the mold sec 1 tions beingplaced under the desired hydraulic pressure which may n some casesreach' approximately three hundred pounds per square inch. I The partially-vulcanized rubber forms a very strong bond between the cords and plies offabric so that they will maintaintheir throiigl'iout thefinal Clll '(3,{LTl(l the rubber readjusted positions will be of sufficient stiffness to fol-ma cush-' ion for the cords composing the fabric, so

that the compacting pressure of themol'd sections will .have no tendency to crush the fiber composing them. It is advantageous to subject certain tires to a preliminary warming up process previous to applying the pai'tial-vulcanizing heat. This gives the cords and plies of fabric a better opportunity to attain the desired read ustn'icnt.

A temperature of 212 F". for a period of fifteen minutes has'becn found satisfactory in cases where preheating has been deemed advantageous.

' under pressure through thereby driving out the steam with the exit stock iscooled.

crent pressure may be attained by shutting off the steam supply and passing cold air and it' this is materially lowered without ctirrespondmgly lowering the temperature.

of the tire it would result in. some instances ill the tlre blowing to a harmt'ul'extcnt.

Therefore when the partial-vulcanization is completed and the tires are to be removed they are treated to a cooling process ,while the pressure in' the vulcanizeris maintained, or at least isonlv reduced gradually as the.

lhis cooling under a sullithe vulcanizer,

of the air, care being taken that this exit be regulated so that the required air pressure may be maintained. Finally the tires will be sufficiently cooled to permit a reduction of the pressure to atmosphere whereupon they -may' be removed from the 'vulcanizer and sub ected to the final vulcanization treatment. This step of cooling under pressure maybe resorted to'in all cases where our method is employed. It is especially advantageous where there is much rubber as at the tread portion'ot a tire, but where type, nor to the -employment of any special styleof core, but may" be used in any in- "whereby the. threads or cords are free to only the carcass is subjected to our process there will not be the same need for this cooling under pressure, and if desired it may be dispensed with. I I

While particular attention has been given to the common type of tire'in describing our method, it is not limited to any special stance wherein'thetire in its completed state will have been benefitted by its employment.

Having described-our invention, what we claim and ent is: I

l."The method of manufacturing tires desire to protect by Letters Pat- 'which consists in making the carcass of thread'or cord associated with rubber annula and substantially U-shaped in crosssection, subjectingsueh annular structure to the action' of heat to cause-the rubber ,component' to softerrand thereby lessen its function ofholding' the threads or cords v adjust themselves with respect to conditions .of'tcnsion and relationship with one a! other. and completing). the process by vulcanization under the compacting pressure of rigid mold members.

2.1a the manufacture of tires,

the, method which consists in assembling the fibrous parts with rubberupon a ring! core, the rubber serving to hold the fibrous part-s in their assembled positions, heating the. structure thus formed until the rubber loses its effective hold leaving the fibrous parts tree to readjust.themselves,maintaining the heat at the vulcanizing temperature after the 1' adjustment of the parts until the rubher is partly-vulcanized to a suiiicient extent to cushion the fibrous parts and to pernuinently maintain the readjustment, subjecting the structure to the action of rigid mold sections placed under'a compact- -in; pressure, and while thus subjected completing the vulcanization; i

:3.v In the manufacture of tll'tS.ll lltlllUtll()t which consists in assembling the fibrous parts with rubber upon a ring core. the rubber serving to holdthe fibrous parts in their assembled positions. simultaneously. subjecting the structure thusi'ormed to a fluid pressure and to heat until the rubber loses its effective hold leaving the fibrous parts free to readjust themselves, maintaining the heat at thefvulran-izing temperature after the readjustment of tie parts until the rubber ispartiallywulcanized to a suiticient extent-to cushion the fibrous parts and .to permanently maintain the reauljustment, subjecting the structure to the action of rigid mold sections placed under compacting pressure, and while thus subjected coin pletin; the vulcanization.

4. In themanufacture of tires, the method which consists in assembling the fibrous 100 parts with rubber upon a ring core, the rubber serving tobold the fibrous parts in their assembled positions. simultaneously subjecting the structure thus formedto 'a fluid pressure and to heatuntil therubber 5 loses its cttec'tive hold leaving the fibrous parts free to readjust themselves, maintainin g the heat at the vulcanizing temperature after the 'reiuljustment of" the parts until the rubber is partially vulcanized to asutii .110 cient extent to cushion the fibrous parts and to permanently maintain the readjustment, cooling the structure under pressure, subjecting the structure tothe action of rigid mold sections placed under compacting 115 pressure, and while thus subjected completing: the vulcanization.

In the manufacture of 'tiresthemethod which consists in assembling the fibrous parts with rubber upon a ring core the rubber serving to hold the fibrous parts in their assembledpositions, subjecting the structure thus formed to a preliminary heating}, below the vulcanizing pointfland then raising the temperature to the vulcanizin, pointtbereby destroying the eti'ective hold of the rubber on the fibrous parts and leaving said parts free .to readjust themselves, maintaining the heat at the vul- I canizing temperature after the readjustvulcanization is effected,

structure to the action ofrigid. mold sec-' inseam inent of the parts until the rubber is partly vulcanlzed to a sufficient extent to cushion the fibrous parts and to permanently maintam the readjustment;subjecting thestruc ture to the action of rigid mold sections placed under a compacting pressurei and' while thus subjected Completing the V11 zatlon. Q

6. In the manufacture of tires, the method which consists in assembling the lfibrous parts with rubber upon a ring core the rubber serving to hold the fibrous parts in canithe ir assembled positions, subjecting the structure to the heatand pressure of steam at approximately thirty-five pounds for twenty to twenty-five minutes until partial subjecting the I =tions placed under compacting pressure, and

while thus subjected completing the vulc'anization.v I

7. 'In the manufacture oftires,the method which consists in assembling the fibrous parts with rubber upon a ring core, the rubabout 212 her serving to hold the fibrous parts in their assembled positions, thusformed to a preliminary heating at ture to the vulcamzmg point for'destroying the effective hold of the rubber on the fibrous parts and leavingsaid parts free to readjust themselves,maintaining the heat "at the vulcanizmg temperature after the re- 'adjustm ent of the parts until the rubber is-"partly vulcanized to a suilicient extent to cushion the fibrous parts and to permanently maintain the readjustment; subjecting the structure to the action of rigid mold sections placed under a compactin pressure,

and while thus sub ected comp eting thevulcanization.

8. The method of manufacturing tires which consists in making the carcass of thread or cord associated with rubber linnular and substantially U-shaped in ciosssection, subjecting such annular structure to .the action of heat to cause the rubber component to soften and thereby' lessen its function of holding the threads'or-cords,

whereby the threads or cords are free to adjust themselves with respect to conditions of tension and relationship with one another, cooling the structure, and completing the process by vulcanization under the compacting pressure'of rigid mold members.

. members.

subjecting the'structur F. and then raisingthe tempera- 9. The method of manufacturing tires which consists in making the carcass of thread or cord associated with rubber annular and substantially U-shaped incrosssection, subjecting such, annular structure to the action .of heat to cause the rubber c0mmaintaining the surface thereof unconfined,

subjecting the sameto the'action of steam in direct contact with said unconfined surface, bringing said steam to the-vulcanizing temperature and holding it at said. tem-. perature -for a sufiicient period to partially -vulcanize the article,

and subsequently oompleting' formation and vulcanization'of the article. I

llfThe process of manufacturing tires having .a carcass and a tread, consisting of first assembling the carcass materials, then partially curing the same in the absence of distorting pressure, then applying the tread to the carcass, and finally vulcanizing the product under compacting pressure.

12. In the manufacture of tires, the method which consists. in assemblingthe fibrous parts with rubber, the rubber serving to hold the fibrous parts in their assembled positions, heatin the structure thus formed until the rubber, oses its efiective hold leaving the fibrous parts free to readjust themselves, maintaining the 'heat at the vulcanizing temperature after the readjustment of the parts until the rubber is partly vulcanized to a suilicient extent to cushion the fibrous parts, and to permanentlymaintain the readjustment, cooling thestructure, subjecting the structure to theaction of n' 'id mold sections placed nnder a-eompact1ng pressure, and while thus subjected comp1etmg the vulcanization.

Signed at Detroit, Mich, this 17th'.day of January, 1916.

' ERWIN E. AVG. MEYER.

GEORGE W. SEIB E RLINGL 

